The extracellular vesicle of depressive patient-derived Escherichia fergusonii induces vagus nerve-mediated neuroinflammation in mice

Abstract

esEVs may be translocated into the brain via the vagus nerve and bloodstream, subsequently inducing TNF-α expression and suppressing serotonin, its receptor, and BDNF expression through the activation of TLR4-mediated NF-κB signaling, thereby contributing to DA pathogenesis.