Bioinspired Proton Pump on Ferroelectric HfO₂-Coupled Ir Catalysts with Bidirectional Hydrogen Spillover for pH-Universal and Superior Hydrogen Production

Abstract

The improvement of hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics can be largely accelerated by introducing a well-designed hydrogen spillover pathway into the catalysts. However, the driving force and mechanism of hydrogen migration on the surface of catalysts are poorly understood and are rarely explored in depth. Here, inspired by the specific ferroelectric property of HfO₂, Mn-O-Ca sites in Mn₄CaO₅, and Fe-Fe sites in hydrogenases, we constructed a bioinspired HfO₂ coupled with Ir catalysts (Ir/HfO₂@C) with an alkaline hydrogen reverse spillover effect from HfO₂ to interface and acid hydrogen spillover effect from Ir to interface. Benefiting from the bidirectional hydrogen spillover pathways controlled by pH, Ir/HfO₂@C displays a narrow overpotential difference between acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Remarkably, Ir/HfO₂@C shows a remarkable mass current density and turnover frequency value, far exceeding the benchmark Ir/C by 20.6 times. More importantly, this Ir/HfO₂@C achieves extraordinarily low overpotentials of 146 and 39 mV at 10 mV cm^-2 in seawater and alkaline seawater, respectively. The anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer equipped with Ir/HfO₂@C as a cathode exhibits excellent and stable H₂-evolution performance on 2.22 V at 1.0 A cm^-2. We expect that the bioinspired strategy will provide a new concept for designing catalytic materials for efficient and pH-universal electrochemical hydrogen production.