A First-in-Class Pyrazole-isoxazole Enhanced Antifungal Activity of Voriconazole: Synergy Studies in an Azole-Resistant <i>Candida albicans</i> Strain, Computational Investigation and in Vivo Validation in a <i>Galleria mellonella</i> Fungal Infection Model

Abstract

The widespread and irrational use of azole antifungal agents has led to an increase of azole-resistant Candida albicans strains with an urgent need for combination drug therapy, enhancing the treatment efficacy. Here, we report the discovery of a first-in-class pyrazole-isoxazole, namely, 5b, that showed remarkable growth inhibition against the C . albicans ATCC 10231 strain in combination with voriconazole, acting as a downregulator of ERG 11 ( Cyp51 ) gene expression with a significant reduction of the yeast-to-hypha morphological transition. Furthermore, C . albicans CYP51 enzyme assay and in-depth molecular docking studies unveiled the unique ability of the combination of 5b and voriconazole to completely fill the CYP51 binding sites. In vivo studies using a Galleria mellonella model confirmed the previously in vitro observed synergistic effect of 5b with voriconazole. Also considering its biocompatibility in a cellular model of human keratinocytes, these results indicate that 5b represents a promising compound for a further optimization campaign.