Synthesis of Pd-Doped SnO2 and Flower-like Hierarchical Structures for Efficient and Rapid Detection of Ethanolamine

Abstract

In this study, we successfully synthesized a Pd-doped SnO₂ (Pd-SnO₂) material with a flower-like hierarchical structure using the solvothermal method. The material's structural proper-ties were characterized employing techniques such as XRD, XPS, FESEM and HRTEM. A gas sensor fabricated from the 2.0 mol% Pd-SnO₂ material demonstrated exceptional sensitivity (R_a/R_g = 106) to 100 ppm ethanolamine at an operating temperature of 150 °C, with rapid response/recovery times of 10 s and 12 s, respectively, along with excellent linearity, selectivity, and stability, and a detection limit down to 1 ppm. The superior gas-sensing performance is attributed to the distinctive flower-like hierarchical architecture of the Pd-SnO₂ and the lattice distortions introduced by Pd doping, which substantially boost the material's sensing characteristics. Further analysis using density functional theory (DFT) has revealed that within the Pd-SnO₂ system, Sn exhibits strong affinities for O and N, leading to high adsorption energies for ethanolamine, thus enhancing the system's selectivity and sensitivity to ethanolamine gas. This research introduces a novel approach for the efficient and rapid detection of ethanolamine gas.