Flexible Hybrid Supercapacitor Achieving 2.2 V with NiCo₂S₄/Polyaniline/MnO₂ and N, S‐Co‐Doped Carbon Nanofibers for Ultra‐High Energy Density

Abstract

Flexible all-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors (FAASC) represent a highly promising power sources for wearable electronics. However, their energy density is relatively less as compared to the conventional batteries. Herein, a novel ultra-high energy density FAASC is developed using nickel-cobalt sulfide (NiCo₂S₄)/polyaniline (PANI)/manganese dioxide (MnO₂) ternary composite on carbon fiber felt (CF) as positive and N, S-co-doped carbon nanofibers (CNF)/CF as negative electrode, respectively. Initially, porous δ-MnO₂ nanoworm-like network is decorated on CF using potentiodynamic method. Subsequently, interconnected PANI nanostructures is grown on the MnO₂ via a facile in situ chemical polymerization, followed by the electrodeposition of highly porous NiCo₂S₄ nanowalls. Benefiting from 3D porous structure of conductive CF and redox active properties of NiCo₂S₄, PANI and MnO₂, FAASC achieved a superior energy storage capacity. Later, high-performance N, S-co-doped CNF/CF negative electrode is synthesized using electropolymerization of PANI nanofibers on CF, followed by the carbonization process. The assembled FAASC exhibits a wide voltage window of 2.2 V and remarkable specific capacitance of 143 F g^-1 at a current density of 1 A g^-1. The cell further delivers a superb energy density of 71.6 Wh kg^-1 at a power density of 492.7 W kg^-1, supreme cycle life and remarkable electrochemical stability under mechanical bending.