Hysterosalpingographic Appearances of Female Genital Tract Tuberculosis: Part II: Uterus

Abstract

Female genital tuberculosis remains as a major cause of tubal obstruction leading
\nto infertility, especially in developing countries. The global prevalence of genital tuberculosis
\nhas increased during the past two decades due to increasing acquired immunodeficiency
\nsyndrome. Genital tuberculosis (TB) is commonly asymptomatic and it is diagnosed during
\ninfertility investigations. Despite of recent advances in imaging tools such as computed tomography
\n(CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasongraphy, hysterosalpingography
\nhas been considered as the standard screening test for evaluation of tubal infertility
\nand as a valuable tool for diagnosis of female genital tuberculosis. Tuberculosis gives rise to
\nvarious appearances on hysterosalpingography (HSG) from non-specific changes to specific
\nfindings. The present pictorial review illustrates and describes specific and non-specific radiographic
\nfeatures of female genital tuberculosis in two parts. Part I presents specific findings of
\ntuberculosis related to tubes such as "beaded tube", "golf club tube", "pipestem tube", "cobble
\nstone tube" and the "leopard skin tube". Part II will describe adverse effects of tuberculosis
\non structure of endometrium and radiological specific findings, such as "T-shaped" tuberculosis
\nuterus, "pseudo-unicornuate "uterus, "collar-stud abscess" and "dwarfed" uterus with
\nlymphatic intravasation and occluded tubes which have not been encountered in the majority
\nof non-tuberculosis cases.