Mixed Game-Based Two-Stage Planning of PV and Energy Storage in Distribution System With Multiple Integrated Energy Microgrids

Abstract

To realize the coordinated planning of distribution system (DS) with multiple integrated energy microgrids (IEMs), this paper proposes a mixed game-based and carbon-oriented two-stage planning model for photovoltaic (PV) capacity and energy storage system (ESS). Firstly, the mixed game-based planning model is constructed by comprising the Stackelberg game with the nested cooperative game in the first stage. Specifically, the distribution system operator (DSO) and the IEMs alliance play a Stackelberg game as the leader and follower respectively, making strategic decisions on invested PV and ESS through interactive price and power. Within the alliance, multiple IEMs reach an agreement on trading power and price to fairly share cooperation benefits through cooperative game. Secondly, the demand response model that considers carbon emission flow (CEF) and tiered carbon price is presented to reduce carbon emissions in the second stage. Furthermore, the model reformulation and distributed algorithm are developed to protect the privacy of multi-agents. The bisection-based method and the prediction-correction-based alternating direction method of multipliers (PCB-ADMM) are leveraged to solve the mixed game model for improving convergence. Finally, several cases in the modified IEEE 33-bus DS with multiple IEMs verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and methods.