Frustration of H-Bonding and Frustrated Packings in a Hexamorphic Crystal System with Reversible Crystal–Crystal Transitions

Abstract

High Resolution Image Download MS PowerPoint Slide The study of transitions between polymorphic phases is a less investigated chapter of the widely studied book of polymorphism. In this paper, we discuss the phase behavior of a new compound that has been rationally designed to show frustration of H-bonds for the strong amide N–H donor, which cannot be involved in H-bonding nor in van der Waals interactions. The compound ( ImB ) is a showcase of almost all possible cases of transitions between polymorphs [monotropic/enantiotropic, fast/slow, diffusive/displacive, and single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC)] and of relation between polymorphs with different Z ′. Six crystal phases (I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) were identified for it with five crystal–crystal transitions. Two transitions are reversible/SCSC/fast. Of the three monotropic transitions, all non-SCSC, one is slow, and the others are fast. Of the two enantiotropic SCSC transitions, one does not exhibit undercooling, while the other shows strong undercooling. Phase III, with Z ′ = 6, is stable at room temperature between phase II ( Z ′ = 1), stable at high temperature, and phase IV ( Z ′ = 2), stable at low temperature. All six polymorphs are based on the same O–H···O═C H-bonding synthon, which produces infinite chains in five polymorphs and ring tetramers in one. The sequence of reversible SCSC transitions IV ⇆ III ⇆ II involves a remarkable ping pong of the symmetry rules by which H-bonded chains are built. Based on all of this, a possible roadmap for prediction of SCSC transitions in crystals is shortly outlined.