Structural Modulation of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Efficient Hydrogen Peroxide Electrocatalysis

Abstract

The electrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) using metal-free catalysts has emerged as a viable and sustainable alternative to the conventional anthraquinone process. However, the precise architectural design of these electrocatalysts poses a significant challenge, requiring intricate structural engineering to optimize electron transfer during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Herein, we introduce a novel design of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) that effectively shift the ORR from a four-electron to a more advantageous two-electron pathway. Notably, the JUC-660 COF, with strategically charge-modified benzyl moieties, achieved a continuous high H₂O₂ yield of over 1200 mmol g^-1 h^-1 for an impressive duration of over 85 hours in a flow cell setting, marking it as one of the most efficient metal-free and non-pyrolyzed H₂O₂ electrocatalysts reported to date. Theoretical computations alongside in situ infrared spectroscopy indicate that JUC-660 markedly diminishes the adsorption of the OOH* intermediate, thereby steering the ORR towards the desired pathway. Furthermore, the versatility of JUC-660 was demonstrated through its application in the electro-Fenton reaction, where it efficiently and rapidly removed aqueous contaminants. This work delineates a pioneering approach to altering the ORR pathway, ultimately paving the way for the development of highly effective metal-free H₂O₂ electrocatalysts.