Highly Efficient Removal of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid by Adsorption and Photocatalysis Using Nanomaterials with Surface Coating by the Cationic Surfactant

Abstract

Extensive removal of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) using titania (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles by adsorption and photocatalysis with a surface coating by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is reported. The CTAB-coated TiO 2 nanoparticles (CCTN) were characterized by FT-IR, zeta-potential measurements, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis-DRS). 2,4,5-T removal increased significantly after surface modification with CTAB compared with bare TiO 2 nanoparticles. Optimal parameters affecting 2,4,5-T removal were found to be pH 4, CCTN dosage 10 mg/mL, and adsorption time 180 min. The maximum adsorptive removal of 2,4,5-T using CCTN reached 96.2% while highest adsorption capacity was 13.4 mg/g. CCTN was also found to be an excellent photocatalyst that achieved degradation efficiency of 99.2% with an initial concentration of 25 mg/L. The removal mechanisms of 2,4,5-T using CCTN by both adsorption and photocatalysis are discussed in detail based on changes in functional group vibrations and surface charge. Our results indicate that CCTN is an excellent material for 2,4,5-T removal in water by both adsorption and photocatalysis.