Electrochemical detection strategies for cardiovascular disease biomarkers: Applications in troponin I and troponin T assays

Abstract

Electrochemical biosensors have emerged as promising tools for the sensitive and rapid detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and troponin T (cTnT), essential biomarkers for the diagnosis and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This comprehensive review explores the recent advancements in electrochemical biosensing strategies for cTnI and cTnT detection, focusing on antibody-based immunosensors, aptamer-based biosensors, and the integration of nanomaterials and microfluidic platforms. The biological aspects, diagnostic and prognostic value, and evolution of troponin assays are discussed in detail. The review highlights the remarkable performance of electrochemical biosensors, achieving femtomolar to attomolar detection limits and clinically relevant linear ranges. Signal amplification strategies and the potential for non-invasive monitoring using alternative biofluids are also explored. Although challenges persist in clinical validation and commercialization, the opportunities for multiplexed analysis, integration with digital health technologies, and personalized CVD management are promising.