Thermal Stability Analysis of Formamidinium–Cesium‐Based Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated under Air Ambient Conditions

Abstract

The instability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) remains a major bottleneck for their commercialization, with thermal instability posing a major concern, given the inevitable presence of heat in photovoltaic devices. Mixed‐cation/halide perovskites demonstrate enhanced stability and efficiency compared to single‐cation/halide perovskites. Identifying the optimal perovskite composition capable of withstanding high temperatures for longer durations is crucial for the development of thermally stable PSCs. This study provides valuable insights into the optimization of mixed‐cation/halide perovskites to enhance the thermal and structural stability of perovskite films. By systematically varying the Cs content in FA 1− y Cs y Pb(I 0.85 Br 0.15 ) 3 (0 < y < 25)‐based perovskite, it is observed that controlling the Cs content allows precise modulation of crystal orientation in perovskite film with 10% Cs obtained as the optimal value. The perovskite film containing 10% Cs not only exhibits reduced microstrain but also demonstrates enhanced thermal stability during testing at 85 °C under controlled humidity. Furthermore, planar PSCs are fabricated using FA 0.90 Cs 0.10 Pb(I 0.85 Br 0.15 ) 3 as the absorber layer and TOP‐3 as the hole‐transporting material, achieving a promising power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.70%. Impressively, the unencapsulated devices retain 95% of their initial PCE after 1000 h of dark storage under ambient conditions.