Systematic Review of Air Pollution in Morocco: Status, Impacts, and Future Directions

Abstract

Abstract Despite the recognition of the importance of air pollution in Morocco, current scientific studies are predominantly descriptive and limited. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of air pollution in Morocco, delineating the research status and identifying gaps. Searches conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus from 2016 to May 2023 yielded over 3200 articles. From these, 64 original studies are deemed eligible and selected, focusing on air pollution in Moroccan regions or cities. Review articles and those dealing with indoor air quality are excluded, with no restriction on specific pollutant. Research highlights road traffic as the primary contributor to air pollution in Morocco, followed by industrial activities. Exposure to air pollutants is associated with adverse health effects, including mortality, lung disease, respiratory disorders, asthma attacks, and cardiovascular disease. Pollution levels vary among cities, with Casablanca, Kenitra, and Essaouira consistently facing higher pollution levels due to transportation and industrial emissions. Altitude also influences air quality, with higher‐altitude areas generally experiencing lower pollutant concentrations. The review highlights the need for extensive research on air pollution's health and economic effects, improved air quality modeling, and broader pollutant focus beyond just regulated ones.