Surface passivation with an electron-donating sulfonate group for high-performance and stable perovskite solar cells

Abstract

A new passivator, 4-aminophenyl sulfone (APS), containing a Lewis base group (SO), could interact with the uncoordinated Pb 2+ on perovskite surface, which not only reduces trap state density but also induces a more p-type surface of perovskite film.