A Photodynamic and Photochemotherapeutic Platinum‐Iridium Charge‐Transfer Conjugate for Anticancer Therapy

Abstract

The novel hetero-dinuclear complex trans,trans,trans-[Pt^IV(py)₂(N₃)₂(OH)(μ-OOCCH₂CH₂CONHCH₂-bpyMe)Ir^III(ppy)₂]Cl (Pt-Ir), exhibits charge transfer between the acceptor photochemotherapeutic Pt(IV) (Pt-OH) and donor photodynamic Ir(III) (Ir-NH₂) fragments. It is stable in the dark, but undergoes photodecomposition more rapidly than the Pt(IV) parent complex (Pt-OH) to generate Pt(II) species, an azidyl radical and ¹O₂. The Ir(III)* excited state, formed after irradiation, can oxidise NADH to NAD⋅ radicals and NAD⁺. Pt-Ir is highly photocytotoxic towards cancer cells with a high photocytotoxicity index upon irradiation with blue light (465 nm, 4.8 mW/cm²), even with short light-exposure times (10-60 min). In contrast, the mononuclear Pt-OH and Ir-NH₂ subunits and their simple mixture are much less potent. Cellular Pt accumulation was higher for Pt-Ir compared to Pt-OH. Irradiation of Pt-Ir in cancer cells damages nuclei and releases chromosomes. Synchrotron-XRF revealed ca. 4× higher levels of intracellular platinum compared to iridium in Pt-Ir treated cells under dark conditions. Luminescent Pt-Ir distributes over the whole cell and generates ROS and ¹O₂ within 1 h of irradiation. Iridium localises strongly in small compartments, suggestive of complex cleavage and excretion via recycling vesicles (e.g. lysosomes). The combination of PDT and PACT motifs in one molecule, provides Pt-Ir with a novel strategy for multimodal phototherapy.