A highly selective and high-performance sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)-based hybrid membrane enabled by complexed UiO-66-NH₂ and sulfonated graphitic carbon nitride for vanadium flow batteries

Abstract

Complexed UiO-66-NH 2 and s-g-C 3 N 4 nanofillers contribute ultralow permeability and ultrahigh selectivity to SPEEK/NF-1 : 1 and ensure outstanding VFB efficiencies owing to manipulated acid–base interactions and synergistic ion barriers.