Iodine Modulates the MACl‐Assisted Growth of FAPbI₃ for High Efficiency Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Abstract The preferential growth of α‐phase formamidinium perovskite (α‐FAPbI 3 ) at low temperatures can be achieved with the incorporation of chloride‐based additives, with methylammonium chloride (MACl) being the most common example. However, compared to other less‐volatile chloride additives, MACl only remains in the growing perovskite film for a short time before evaporating during annealing, primarily influencing the early stages of film formation. In addition, evaporation of MACl as methylamine (MA 0 ) and HCl can introduce a side reaction between MA 0 and formamidinium (FA), undermining the compositional purity and phase stability of α‐FAPbI 3 . In this study, it is demonstrated that addition of iodine (I 2 ) into the FAPbI 3 precursor solution containing MACl suppresses the MA‐FA side reaction during annealing. Additionally, MACl evaporation is delayed owing to strong interaction with triiodide. The added I 2 facilitates spontaneous growth of α‐FAPbI 3 prior to annealing, with an improved bottom morphology due to the formation of fewer byproducts. Perovskite solar cells derived from an I 2 ‐incorporated solution deliver a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.2% that is attributed to suppressed non‐radiative recombination.