Boosting Multielectron Reaction Stability of Sodium Vanadium Phosphate by High-Entropy Substitution

Abstract

Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (NVP) based on the multielectron reactions between V 2+ and V 5+ has been considered a promising cathode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, it still suffers from unsatisfactory stability, caused by the poor reversibility of the V 5+ /V 4+ redox couple and structure evolution. Herein, we propos a strategy that combines high-entropy substitution and electrolyte optimization to boost the reversible multielectron reactions of NVP. The high reversibility of the V 5+ /V 4+ redox couple and crystalline structure evolution are disclosed by in situ X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectra and in situ X-ray diffraction. Meanwhile, the electrochemical reaction kinetics of high-entropy substitution NVP (HE-NVP) can be further improved in the diglyme-based electrolyte. These enable HE-NVP to deliver a superior electrochemical performance (capacity retention of 93.1% after 2000 cycles; a large reversible capacity of 120 mAh g –1 even at 5.0 A g –1 ). Besides, the long cycle life and high power density of the HE-NVP∥natural graphite full-cell configuration demonstrated the superiority of HE-NVP cathode in SIBs. This work highlights that the synergism of high-entropy substitution and electrolyte optimization is a powerful strategy to enhance the sodium-storage performance of polyanionic cathodes for SIBs.