Achieving reusability of leachate for multi-element recovery of the discarded LiNixCoyMn1-x-yO2 cathode by regulating the co-precipitation coefficient

Abstract

Conventional hydrometallurgy recycling process for treating wasted lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) typically results in the consumption of large amounts of corrosive leachates. Recent research on reusable leachate is expected to significantly improve the economic and environmental benefits, but is usually limited to specific and unique chemical reactions which could only apply to one type of metal elements. Herein, we report the co-extraction of multiple metal elements can be extracted without adding precipitates by mixed crystal co-precipitation, which enables the reusability of the leachate. We show that an oxalic acid (OA): choline chloride (ChCl): ethylene glycol (EG) type DES leachate system can leach transition metals from wasted LiNi x Co y Mn 1-x-y O 2 (NCM) cathode materials with satisfactory efficiency (The time required for complete leaching at 120°C is 1.5 h). The transition metals were then efficiently extracted (with a recovery efficiency of over 96% for all elements) by directly adding water without precipitants. Noteworthy, the leachate can be efficiently recovered by directly evaporating the added water. The successful realization of reusability of leachate for the synergistic extraction of multiple elements relies on the regulation of the mixed crystal co-precipitation coefficient, which is realized by rationally design the reaction condition (composition of leachate, temperature and time) and induces the extraction of originally soluble manganese element. Our strategy is expected to be generally applicable and highly competent for industrial applications. The synergistic co-extraction of multi-elements by regulating the mixed crystal co-precipitation coefficient is expected to guide the design of reusable leachate.