Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Larock Indole Synthesis to Access Axially Chiral <i>N</i>-Arylindoles

Abstract

Larock indole synthesis is one of the most straightforward and efficient methods for the synthesis of indoles; however, there has been no asymmetric version yet for the construction of indole-based axially chiral <i>N</i>-arylindoles since its initial report in 1991. Herein we report the first example of an asymmetric Larock indole synthesis by employing a chiral sulfinamide phosphine (SadPhos) ligand (Ming-Phos) with palladium. It allows rapid construction of a wide range of axially chiral <i>N</i>-arylindole compounds in good yields up to 98:2 er. The application of this unique chiral scaffold as an organocatalyst is promising. Furthermore, a kinetic study has revealed that the alkyne migratory insertion is the rate-determining step, which has been proven by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Additionally, DFT studies also suggest that the N-C dihedral difference caused by the steric hindrance of the ligand contributes to enantioselectivity control.