Microwave-Mediated Synthesis of Lead-Free Cesium Titanium Bromide Double Perovskite: A Sustainable Approach

Abstract

Theoretical studies have identified cesium titanium bromide (Cs₂TiBr₆), a vacancy-ordered double perovskite, as a promising lead-free and earth-abundant candidate to replace Pb-based perovskites in photovoltaics. Our research is focused on overcoming the limitations associated with the current Cs₂TiBr₆ syntheses, which often involve high-vacuum and high-temperature evaporation techniques, high-energy milling, or intricate multistep solution processes conducted under an inert atmosphere, constraints that hinder industrial scalability. This study presents a straightforward, low-energy, and scalable solution procedure using microwave radiation to induce the formation of highly crystalline Cs₂TiBr₆ in a polar solvent. This methodology, where the choice of the solvent plays a crucial role, not only reduces the energy costs associated with perovskite production but also imparts exceptional stability to the resulting solid, in comparison with previous reports. This is a critical prerequisite for any technological advancement. The low-defective material demonstrates unprecedented structural stability under various stimuli such as moisture, oxygen, elevated temperatures (over 130 °C), and continuous exposure to white light illumination. In summary, our study represents an important step forward in the efficient and cost-effective synthesis of Cs₂TiBr₆, offering a compelling solution for the development of eco-friendly, earth-abundant Pb-free perovskite materials.