In Situ Gelled Covalent Organic Frameworks Electrolyte with Long-Range Interconnected Skeletons for Superior Ionic Conductivity

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) present an ideal platform for ion transport owing to their tunable and ordered nanochannels at the single-digit scale. However, achieving superior COF-based electrolytes remains challenging because of the mismatch between the intricate synthesis processes of COFs and the battery preparation environment, which makes it difficult to build continuous ion channels and low-impedance electrochemical interfaces for devices. Here, we present an in situ gelation method to produce COF gel electrolytes (CGEs) within liquid carbonate electrolyte, integrating COF synthesis with their applicability in batteries. This method leads to long-range interconnected and highly crystalline skeletons of COFs from a robust precoordination structure between lithium salts of liquid electrolyte and building blocks. By incorporating the lithium affinity groups in the COFs, the developed CGEs show a remarkable 3-fold enhancement in ionic conductivity, reaching up to 10.5 mS cm –1 compared to the corresponding liquid carbonate electrolytes. Furthermore, the CGEs exhibit a low activation energy of 0.068 eV, ensuring efficient ion transport, while demonstrating dendrite-free lithium deposition even after prolonged testing periods exceeding 1800 h. These CGEs exhibit excellent rate performance (reversible capacity up to 101 mAh g –1 at a current density of 3C, 1C = 170 mAh g –1 ) in Li-LiFePO 4 coin cells and reversible cycling under extreme conditions (reversible capacity up to 158 mAh g –1 under folding state at 0.1C) in pouch cells. Importantly, our novel methodology extends beyond lithium-ion systems, as it can also be applied to the synthesis of CGEs utilizing potassium, magnesium, zinc, sodium, and calcium ions.