Bio-conjugated carbon dots for the bimodal detection of prostate cancer biomarkers <i>via</i> sandwich fluorescence and electrochemical immunoassays

Abstract

) for PSA detection. The role of OCDs in enhancing the sensor performance was deciphered by carrying out detailed electrochemical studies with HRP enzyme-loaded OCDs. The biosensor was used to detect PSA in human blood serum samples and the results were consistent with conventional techniques. Owing to its analytical properties coupled with simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and portability, the bimodal sensor system has potential for application in clinical analysis.