NIR-II photothermal conversion and imaging based on a cocrystal containing twisted components

Abstract

On account of the scarcity of molecules with a satisfactory second near-infrared (NIR-II) response, the design of high-performance organic NIR photothermal materials has been limited. Herein, we investigate a cocrystal incorporating tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and tetrachloroperylene dianhydride (TCPDA) components. A stable radical was generated through charge transfer from TTF to TCPDA, which exhibits strong and wide-ranging NIR-II absorption. The metal-free TTF-TCPDA cocrystal in this research shows high photothermal conversion capability under 1064 nm laser irradiation and clear photothermal imaging. The remarkable conversion ability-which is a result of twisted components in the cocrystal-has been demonstrated by analyses of single crystal X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy as well as theoretical calculations. We have discovered that space charge separation and the ordered lattice in the TTF-TCPDA cocrystal suppress the radiative decay, while simultaneously strong intermolecular charge transfer enhances the non-radiative decay. The twisted TCPDA component induces rapid charge recombination, while the distorted configuration in TTF-TCPDA favors an internal non-radiative pathway. This research has provided a comprehensive understanding of the photothermal conversion mechanism and opened a new way for the design of advanced organic NIR-II photothermal materials.