Synchronous Photoactivation-Imaging Fluorophores Break Limitations of Photobleaching and Phototoxicity in Live-cell Microscopy

Abstract

Fluorescence microscopy is one of the most important tools in the studies of cell biology and many other fields, but two fundamental issues, photobleaching and phototoxicity, associated with the fluorophores have still limited its use for long-term and strong-illumination imaging of live cells. Here, we report a new concept of fluorophore engineering chemistry, synchronous photoactivation-imaging (SPI) fluorophores, activating and exciting fluorophores by a single light source to thus avoid the repeated switches between activation and excitation lights. The chemically reconstructed, nonemissive fluorophores can be photolyzed to allow continuous replenishing of “bright-state” probes detectable by standard fluorescent microscopes in the imaging process so as to bypass the photobleaching barrier to greatly extend the imaging period. Equally importantly, SPI fluorophores substantially reduce photocytotoxicity due to the scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by a photoactivable group and the slow release of “bright-state” probes to minimize ROS generation. Using SPI fluorophores, the time-lapsed confocal (>16 h) and super-resolution (>3 h) imaging of subcellular organelles under intensive illumination (50 MW/cm 2 ) were achieved in live cells.