The Role of Nuclear Power Plants in Indonesia towards Net Zero Emissions (NZE) in 2060 with a Multi Regions Approach

Abstract

The Indonesian government plans an energy transition roadmap toward NZE until 2060. The power sector will gradually replace all fossil power plants with new and renewable energy (NRE) power plants. Using an energy optimization model Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP), we project the demand and supply of electricity by 2060. This energy model will divide Indonesia into six regions: Sumatra, Jamali (Java, Madura, Bali), Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, and Maluku, Papua. The scenarios used are NZE1, NZE2, and NZE3. In the NZE1 scenario, there is no interconnection grid between regions. In the NZE2 scenario, there is an interconnection between the Sumatra and Jamali regions, while the NZE3 scenario accommodates the interconnection of the Jamali, Sumatra, and Kalimantan regions. Among the NREs planned in the NZE roadmap is nuclear power plants (NPPs), which could be an alternative solution to coal-fired power plants as a baseload. Based on the forecast results, the installed capacity of nuclear power plants in Indonesia's energy mix 2060 under NZE1, NZE2, and NZE3 scenarios will be 45GW, 25GW, and 25GW, respectively. Due to the lack of interconnections between regions, the NPP must be operational by 2040. Then, the presence of inter-regional connections could delay nuclear power plant operations until 2045. The NZE3 scenario gives the best option toward Net Zero Emissions, and NPPs will contribute 3,77% in the power generation mix in 2060.