Stereoselective Synthesis of Sialyl Lewis^a Antigen and the Effective Anticancer Activity of Its Bacteriophage Qβ Conjugate as an Anticancer Vaccine

Abstract

Sialyl Lewis^a (sLe^a ), also known as cancer antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), is a tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen. The overexpression of sLe^a on the surface of a variety of cancer cells makes it an attractive target for anticancer immunotherapy. However, sLe^a -based anticancer vaccines have been under-explored. To develop a new vaccine, efficient stereoselective synthesis of sLe^a with an amine-bearing linker was achieved, which was subsequently conjugated with a powerful carrier bacteriophage, Qβ. Mouse immunization with the Qβ-sLe^a conjugate generated strong and long-lasting anti-sLe^a IgG antibody responses, which were superior to those induced by the corresponding conjugate of sLe^a with the benchmark carrier keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Antibodies elicited by Qβ-sLe^a were highly selective toward the sLe^a structure, could bind strongly with sLe^a -expressing cancer cells and human pancreatic cancer tissues, and kill tumor cells through complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, vaccination with Qβ-sLe^a significantly reduced tumor development in a metastatic cancer model in mice, demonstrating tumor protection for the first time by a sLe^a -based vaccine, thus highlighting the significant potential of sLe^a as a promising cancer antigen.