An evolutionary epigenetic clock in plants

Abstract

Molecular clocks are the basis for dating the divergence between lineages over macroevolutionary timescales (~10⁵ to 10⁸ years). However, classical DNA-based clocks tick too slowly to inform us about the recent past. Here, we demonstrate that stochastic DNA methylation changes at a subset of cytosines in plant genomes display a clocklike behavior. This "epimutation clock" is orders of magnitude faster than DNA-based clocks and enables phylogenetic explorations on a scale of years to centuries. We show experimentally that epimutation clocks recapitulate known topologies and branching times of intraspecies phylogenetic trees in the self-fertilizing plant <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> and the clonal seagrass <i>Zostera marina</i>, which represent two major modes of plant reproduction. This discovery will open new possibilities for high-resolution temporal studies of plant biodiversity.