SWSSL: Sliding Window-Based Self-Supervised Learning for Anomaly Detection in High-Resolution Images

Abstract

Anomaly detection (AD) aims to determine if an instance has properties different from those seen in normal cases. The success of this technique depends on how well a neural network learns from normal instances. We observe that the learning difficulty scales exponentially with the input resolution, making it infeasible to apply AD to high-resolution images. Resizing them to a lower resolution is a compromising solution and does not align with clinical practice where the diagnosis could depend on image details. In this work, we propose to train the network and perform inference at the patch level, through the sliding window algorithm. This simple operation allows the network to receive high-resolution images but introduces additional training difficulties, including inconsistent image structure and higher variance. We address these concerns by setting the network's objective to learn augmentation-invariant features. We further study the augmentation function in the context of medical imaging. In particular, we observe that the resizing operation, a key augmentation in general computer vision literature, is detrimental to detection accuracy, and the inverting operation can be beneficial. We also propose a new module that encourages the network to learn from adjacent patches to boost detection performance. Extensive experiments are conducted on breast tomosynthesis and chest X-ray datasets and our method improves 8.03% and 5.66% AUC on image-level classification respectively over the current leading techniques. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.