CsPbCl₃ → CsPbI₃ Exchange in Perovskite Nanocrystals Proceeds through a Jump-the-Gap Reaction Mechanism

Abstract

Halide exchange is a popular strategy to tune the properties of CsPbX₃ nanocrystals after synthesis. However, while Cl → Br and Br → I exchanges proceed through the formation of stable mixed-halide nanocrystals, the Cl ⇌ I exchange is more elusive. Indeed, the large size difference between chloride and iodide ions causes a miscibility gap in the CsPbCl₃-CsPbI₃ system, preventing the isolation of stable CsPb(Cl_<i>x</i>I_1-<i>x</i>)₃ nanocrystals. Yet, previous works have claimed that a full CsPbCl₃ → CsPbI₃ exchange can be achieved. Even more interestingly, interrupting the exchange prematurely yields a mixture of CsPbCl₃ and CsPbI₃ nanocrystals that coexist without undergoing further transformation. Here, we investigate the reaction mechanism of CsPbCl₃ → CsPbI₃ exchange in nanocrystals. We show that the reaction proceeds through the early formation of iodide-doped CsPbCl₃ nanocrystals covered by a monolayer shell of CsI. These nanocrystals then leap over the miscibility gap between CsPbCl₃ and CsPbI₃ by briefly transitioning to short-lived and nonrecoverable CsPb(Cl_<i>x</i>I_1-<i>x</i>)₃ nanocrystals, which quickly expel the excess chloride and turn into the chloride-doped CsPbI₃ nanocrystals found in the final product.