Suppressed Size Effect in Nanopillars with Hierarchical Microstructures Enabled by Nanoscale Additive Manufacturing

Abstract

Studies on mechanical size effects in nanosized metals unanimously highlight both intrinsic microstructures and extrinsic dimensions for understanding size-dependent properties, commonly focusing on strengths of uniform microstructures, e.g., single-crystalline/nanocrystalline and nanoporous, as a function of pillar diameters, <i>D</i>. We developed a hydrogel infusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) technique using two-photon lithography to produce metals in prescribed 3D-shapes with ∼100 nm feature resolution. We demonstrate hierarchical microstructures of as-AM-fabricated Ni nanopillars (<i>D</i> ∼ 130-330 nm) to be nanoporous and nanocrystalline, with <i>d</i> ∼ 30-50 nm nanograins subtending each ligament in bamboo-like arrangements and pores with critical dimensions comparable to <i>d</i>. <i>In situ</i> nanocompression experiments unveil their yield strengths, σ, to be ∼1-3 GPa, above single-crystalline/nanocrystalline counterparts in the <i>D</i> range, a weak size dependence, σ ∝ <i>D</i>^-0.2, and localized-to-homogenized transition in deformation modes mediated by nanoporosity, uncovered by molecular dynamics simulations. This work highlights hierarchical microstructures on mechanical response in nanosized metals and suggests small-scale engineering opportunities through AM-enabled microstructures.