Redox-Active Ligand Assisted Multielectron Catalysis: A Case of Electrocatalyzed CO₂-to-CO Conversion

Abstract

The selective reduction of carbon dioxide remains a significant challenge due to the complex multielectron/proton transfer process, which results in a high kinetic barrier and the production of diverse products. Inspired by the electrostatic and H-bonding interactions observed in the second sphere of the [NiFe]-CODH enzyme, researchers have extensively explored these interactions to regulate proton transfer, stabilize intermediates, and ultimately improve the performance of catalytic CO₂ reduction. In this work, a series of cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrins with varying numbers of redox-active nitro groups were synthesized and evaluated as CO₂ reduction electrocatalysts. Analyses of the redox properties of these complexes revealed a consistent relationship between the number of nitro groups and the corresponding accepted electron number of the ligand at -1.59 V vs. Fc^+/0. Among the catalysts tested, TNPPCo with four nitro groups exhibited the most efficient catalytic activity with a turnover frequency of 4.9 × 10⁴ s^-1 and a catalytic onset potential 820 mV more positive than that of the parent TPPCo. Furthermore, the turnover frequencies of the catalysts increased with a higher number of nitro groups. These results demonstrate the promising design strategy of incorporating multielectron redox-active ligands into CO₂ reduction catalysts to enhance catalytic performance.