In Situ Observation of Solvent Exchange Kinetics in a MOF with Coordinatively Unsaturated Sites

Abstract

Solvent exchange of synthesis solvent within metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is an essential process for the activation of coordinatively unsaturated sites (CUS) to achieve an optimal surface area; activation of the CUS is required to exploit the versatile applications of MOFs. However, it is challenging to replace CUS-bound synthesis solvent prior to MOF activation, which can lead to a structural collapse and reduced surface area post-evacuation. Herein, we quantify the exchange behavior of a copper paddlewheel-based CUS-MOF (HKUST-1) in the presence of three different solvents: ethanol (EtOH), dichloromethane (DCM), and N, N -dimethylformamide (DMF). The DMF release profiles are monitored via in situ observation of the exchange solvent composition via 1 H NMR and Raman spectroscopy at the macroscopic scale. Furthermore, the change in solvent within a single crystal is measured to directly elucidate the exchange behavior. We demonstrate the DMF release profile from HKUST-1 exhibits different rate laws depending on whether the solvent exchange occurs at the CUS or is purely diffusive through the pores. This contribution represents the first characterization of release from a CUS-MOF as a function exchange solvent and reveals that solvent exchange in a CUS-MOF is not diffusion-limited, but rather is limited by the solvent exchange kinetics at the metal center. Insights from this study can be generalized to the variety of copper-paddlewheel-based MOFs, informing best practices for solvent exchange.