Soft–Rigid Heterostructures with Functional Cation Vacancies for Fast‐Charging and High‐Capacity Sodium Storage

Abstract

Optimizing charge transfer and alleviating volume expansion in electrode materials are critical to maximize electrochemical performance for energy-storage systems. Herein, an atomically thin soft-rigid Co₉ S₈ @MoS₂ core-shell heterostructure with dual cation vacancies at the atomic interface is constructed as a promising anode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries. The dual cation vacancies involving V_Co and V_Mo in the heterostructure and the soft MoS₂ shell afford ionic pathways for rapid charge transfer, as well as the rigid Co₉ S₈ core acting as the dominant active component and resisting structural deformation during charge-discharge. Electrochemical testing and theoretical calculations demonstrate both excellent Na⁺ -transfer kinetics and pseudocapacitive behavior. Consequently, the soft-rigid heterostructure delivers extraordinary sodium-storage performance (389.7 mA h g^-1 after 500 cycles at 5.0 A g^-1 ), superior to those of the single-phase counterparts: the assembled Na₃ V₂ (PO₄ )₃ ||d-Co₉ S₈ @MoS₂ /S-Gr full cell achieves an energy density of 235.5 Wh kg^-1 at 0.5 C. This finding opens up a unique strategy of soft-rigid heterostructure and broadens the horizons of material design in energy storage and conversion.