Electrocatalytic upcycling of nitrogenous wastes into green ammonia: advances and perspectives on materials innovation

Abstract

Abstract Ammonia serves as an irreplaceable raw material for nitrogen fertilizers, which is essential for global food production. In addition, it has been recently endowed with a new function as a carrier of renewable energy, demonstrating significant research prospects. However, the highly developed ammonia industry results in abundant nitrogenous wastes in nature, thus causing severe nitrogen pollution and disrupting the global nitrogen cycle. The environmentally friendly electrocatalytic technologies for upcycling nitrogenous wastes to green ammonia represent a highly valuable transformation strategy. In this review, we present three effective pathways for the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrogenous wastes to green ammonia, including nitrate reduction reaction (NO 3 RR), nitrite reduction reaction (NO 2 RR), and nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR). Furthermore, achievements and challenges associated with electrocatalysts for green ammonia synthesis are discussed in terms of noble metal-based electrocatalysts, non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts, and metal-free electrocatalysts. Moreover, this review provides a systematic perspective on reaction mechanisms, catalyst design, and future developments, offering new insights and prospects for the value-upgrading cycle of nitrogenous substances. By exploring the potential of green ammonia synthesis, we aim to contribute to the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly ammonia production.