Novel Gadolinium-Free Ultrasmall Nanostructured Positive Contrast for Magnetic Resonance Angiography and Imaging

Abstract

Nanostructured contrast agents are promising alternatives to Gd³⁺-based chelates in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques. A novel ultrasmall paramagnetic nanoparticle (UPN) was strategically designed to maximize the number of exposed paramagnetic sites and <i>r</i>₁ while minimizing <i>r</i>₂, by decorating 3 nm titanium dioxide nanoparticles with suitable amounts of iron oxide. Its relaxometric parameters are comparable to those of gadoteric acid (GA) in agar phantoms, and the <i>r</i>₂/<i>r</i>₁ ratio of 1.38 at 3 T is close to the ideal unitary value. The strong and prolonged contrast enhancement of UPN before renal excretion was confirmed by <i>T</i>₁-weighted MR images of Wistar rats after intravenous bolus injection. Those results associated with good biocompatibility indicate its high potential as an alternative blood-pool contrast agent to the GA gold standard for MR angiography, especially for patients with severe renal impairment.