Opioid-Free Versus Opioid-Based Anesthesia on Postoperative Pain After Thoracoscopic Surgery: The Use of Intravenous and Epidural Esketamine

Abstract

Replacement of opioids by esketamine, intraoperatively as intravenous injection and epidural infusion and postoperatively as epidural infusion, reduces the incidence of mild chronic postoperative pain and side effects in patients after VATS.