Relationship between urinary biomarkers of early kidney damage and exposure to inorganic toxins in a pediatric population of Apizaco, Tlaxcala, Mexico

Abstract

In conclusion, our results show that four urinary biomarkers: α1-microglobulin, cystatin C, kidney injury molecule 1, and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are related to environmental exposure to urinary fluoride, vanadium, and total arsenic in our pediatric population.