Mechanistic Insights into Radical-Induced Selective Oxidation of Methane over Nonmetallic Boron Nitride Catalysts

Abstract

Boron-based nonmetallic materials (such as B₂O₃ and BN) emerge as promising catalysts for selective oxidation of light alkanes by O₂ to form value-added products, resulting from their unique advantage in suppressing CO₂ formation. However, the site requirements and reaction mechanism of these boron-based catalysts are still in vigorous debate, especially for methane (the most stable and abundant alkane). Here, we show that hexagonal BN (<i>h</i>-BN) exhibits high selectivities to formaldehyde and CO in catalyzing aerobic oxidation of methane, similar to Al₂O₃-supported B₂O₃ catalysts, while <i>h</i>-BN requires an extra induction period to reach a steady state. According to various structural characterizations, we find that active boron oxide species are gradually formed in situ on the surface of <i>h</i>-BN, which accounts for the observed induction period. Unexpectedly, kinetic studies on the effects of void space, catalyst loading, and methane conversion all indicate that <i>h</i>-BN merely acts as a radical generator to induce gas-phase radical reactions of methane oxidation, in contrast to the predominant surface reactions on B₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts. Consequently, a revised kinetic model is developed to accurately describe the gas-phase radical feature of methane oxidation over <i>h</i>-BN. With the aid of in situ synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectroscopy, the methyl radical (CH₃^•) is further verified as the primary reactive species that triggers the gas-phase methane oxidation network. Theoretical calculations elucidate that the moderate H-abstraction ability of predominant CH₃^• and CH₃OO^• radicals renders an easier control of the methane oxidation selectivity compared to other oxygen-containing radicals generally proposed for such processes, bringing deeper understanding of the excellent anti-overoxidation ability of boron-based catalysts.