Lenvatinib Induces Immunogenic Cell Death and Triggers Toll-Like Receptor-3/4 Ligands in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract

Our study revealed that lenvatinib induced ICD in hepatocellular carcinoma and upregulated <i>PD-L1</i> expression through <i>TLR4</i> while promoting cell apoptosis through <i>TLR3</i>. Antibodies against PD-1/PD-L1 can enhance the efficacy of lenvatinib in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma.