Unlocking Enhanced Capacitive Deionization of NaTi₂(PO₄)₃/Carbon Materials by the Yolk–Shell Design

Abstract

The low salt adsorption capacities (SACs) of benchmark carbon materials (usually below 20 mg g^-1) are one of the most challenging issues limiting further commercial development of capacitive deionization (CDI), an energetically favorable method for sustainable water desalination. Sodium superionic conductor (NASICON)-structured NaTi₂(PO₄)₃ (NTP) materials, especially used in combination with carbon to prepare NTP/C materials, provide emerging options for higher CDI performance but face the problems of poor cycling stability and dissolution of active materials. In this study, we report the development of the yolk-shell nanoarchitecture of NASICON-structured NTP/C materials (denoted as <i>ys</i>-NTP@C) using a metal-organic framework@covalent organic polymer (MOF@COP) as a sacrificial template and space-confined nanoreactor. As expected, <i>ys</i>-NTP@C exhibits good CDI performance, including exemplary SACs with a maximum SAC of 124.72 mg g^-1 at 1.8 V in the constant-voltage mode and 202.76 mg g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1 in the constant-current mode, and good cycling stability without obvious performance degradation or energy consumption increase over 100 cycles. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction used to study CDI cycling clearly exhibits the good structural stability of <i>ys</i>-NTP@C during repeated ion intercalation/deintercalation processes, and the finite element simulation shows why yolk-shell nanostructures exhibit better performance than other materials. This study provides a new synthetic paradigm for preparing yolk-shell structured materials from MOF@COP and highlights the potential use of yolk-shell nanoarchitectures for electrochemical desalination.