Interdisciplinary approach and the current state of the issue of premature ovarian aging (literature review)

Abstract

Ovarian aging is characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes in the ovarian reserve. Mitochondria play a central role in follicular atresia and may be the main target of ooplasmic factors that determine oocyte quality, which is adversely affected by aging. The oocyte is the most mitochondrial cell in the body and is highly dependent on these organelles for acquiring the capacity for fertilization and early embryonic development. The oocyte ensures the transmission and stability of the mitochondrial genome in generations. Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles found in biological fluids carry regulatory molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, and may also mediate cell-to-cell and tissue-to-cell communication. These molecular and cellular mechanisms underlie ovarian aging and infertility, and their understanding will help improve the effectiveness of the treatment of patients with premature ovarian failure, improve the quality of life and overall health. This review focuses on the molecular genetic aspects of ovarian aging and possible consequences for generations, as well as modern approaches to the treatment of infertility in this category of patients.