RETRACTED: Hydrochar synthesis from waste corncob using subcritical water and microwave-assisted carbonization methods and ammonium enrichment of synthesized hydrochars

Abstract

Corncob (CC) is an industrial biological waste that is generated in significant quantities, and converting such biological wastes into value-added hydrochars through a viable process such as hydrothermal carbonization can provide significant benefits. It is of great importance to ensure eco-friendly and appropriate methods that are suitable for the area where the hydrochar will be used. This study aimed to synthesize hydrochars from a solid food waste, CC, using two different hydrothermal carbonization methods based on microwave-assisted (MHC) and subcritical water (SHC) using them as a biosorbent for NH₄⁺ adsorption from water and characterizing their specific features. Hydrochars were synthesized in 1 h at 180 °C and 240 °C by MHC and SHC methods, respectively. Hydrochars synthesized by MHC and SHC methods were characterized by SEM-EDX, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, and FT-IR analyses. According to the EDX results, the C/O ratio (atomic %) in MHC and SHC was determined to be 0.55 and 0.35, respectively. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms revealed that hydrochars obtained by both methods have three distinct pore types, namely, micro, meso, and macro. In the energy consumption per unit adsorbent, a lower value was obtained for MHC than SHC. NH₄⁺ adsorption using MHC and SHC was found to be compatible with the Langmuir isotherm model and the NH₄⁺ adsorption capacities were 13.09 and 10.54 mg/g, respectively. pH was the most effective variable on hydrochars in the NH₄⁺ adsorption based on the response surface method (RSM), and the highest adsorption occurred at pH 6.5 and 40 mg/L of initial NH₄⁺ concentration, using 1.5 g/L of adsorbent at 35 °C. The results revealed that MHC is a unique method that can be used for hydrochars derived from CC in NH₄⁺ adsorption, and MHC is more cost-effective than SHC in hydrochar production.