Effective‐by‐method for the preparation of folic acid‐coated TiO₂ nanoparticles with high targeting potential for apoptosis induction against bladder cancer cells (T24)

Abstract

The research's goal is to create the surfaces of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs) in a layer of folic acid (FA) that can effectively target human bladder cancer cells (T24). An efficient method for creating FA-coated TiO₂ NPs was used, and many tools have been used to analyze its physicochemical properties. The cytotoxic effects of FA-coated NPs on T24 cells and the mechanisms of apoptosis generation were examined employing a variety of methodologies. The prepared FA-coated TiO₂ NPs suspensions with a hydrodynamic diameter around 37 nm and a negative surface charge of -30 mV reduced T24 cell proliferation with stronger IC₅₀ value (21.8 ± 1.9 μg/ml) than TiO₂ NPs (47.8 ± 2.5 μg/ml). This toxicity resulted in apoptosis induction (16.63%) that was caused through enhanced reactive oxygen species formation and stopping the cell cycle over G2/M phase. Moreover, FA-TiO₂ NPs raised the expression levels of P53, P21, BCL2L4, and cleaved Caspase-3, while decreasing Bcl-2, Cyclin B, and CDK1 in treated cells. Overall, these findings revealed efficient targeting of the FA-TiO₂ NPs resulted in increasing cellular internalization caused increased apoptosis in T24 cells. As a result, FA-TiO₂ NPs might be a viable treatment for human bladder cancer.