Risk Factors, Temporal Dependence, and Seasonality of Human Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Colonization in Malawi: A Longitudinal Model-Based Approach

Abstract

We describe different risks for colonization with different enteric bacterial species. Our findings suggest interventions to reduce transmission targeted at the household level need to focus on improving water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure and associated behaviors, whereas at the community level, they should focus on both environmental hygiene and antibiotic stewardship.