Geographical distribution of Ixodes persulcatus and associated pathogens: Analysis of integrated data from a China field survey and global published data

Abstract

The increasing incidence and range expansion of tick-borne diseases have caused global threats to human and animal health under the background of climate and socioeconomic changes. As an efficient vector in transmission of tick-borne diseases, a growing burden caused by <i>Ixodes persulcatus</i> and associated pathogens could not be underestimated. This study summarized the distribution, hosts, and pathogens of <i>I. persulcatus</i>, and predicted the suitable habitats of this tick species worldwide. An integrated database involving a field survey, reference book, literature review, and related website was constructed. Location records of <i>I. persulcatus</i> and associated pathogens were incorporated into distribution maps using ArcGIS software. Positive rates for <i>I. persulcatus</i>-associated agents were estimated by meta-analysis. The global distribution of the tick species was predicted using Maxent model. <i>I. persulcatus</i> was distributed in 14 countries across the Eurasian continent, involving Russia, China, Japan, and several Baltic Sea states, which ranged between 21°N to 66°N. The tick species fed on 46 species of hosts, and 51 tick-borne agents could be harbored by <i>I. persulcatus</i>. The predictive model showed that <i>I. persulcatus</i> could be predominantly distributed in northern Europe, western Russia, and northern China. Our study fully clarified the potential public health risks posed by <i>I. persulcatus</i> and <i>I. persulcatus</i>-borne pathogens. Surveillance and control measures of tick-borne diseases should be enhanced to promote the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems.