An Overview of Smart Grid Technology Integration with Hybrid Energy Systems Based on Demand Response

Abstract

Intermittency of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar and wind almost is regarded as the greatest problem for these sources. Utilizing more than one RES with a conventional energy source to get what is called a hybrid energy systems (HESs) is an optimal solution for this problem. Most of these systems are off-grid, especially in remote areas which is costly to install electric utility. Sizing of HESs components to achieve minimum cost at an acceptable level of reliability for the system is an important step. Several sizing methods were applied by researchers to perform this step. This paper refers to different studies about sizing methods for optimizing the size of HESs. During on-peak periods, shifting loads to off-peak periods by giving some incentives to consumers will be more economical than inserting a new generation unit. Several demand response (DR) programs could improve the shape of the load curve by encouraging consumers to minimize consumption during on-peak periods. The literature review proves the effectiveness of taking DR programs into consideration to obtain the optimal sizing of HESs. This paper also focuses on the various studies about the sizing of HESs which took DR programs into account.