Development of an alginate–gelatin bioink enhancing osteogenic differentiation by gelatin release

Abstract

Hydrogels are natural bioink options for cellular printing due to their high-water content and permeable three-dimensional (3D) polymeric structure, which are favorable for cellular anchoring and metabolic activities. To increase the functionality of hydrogels as bioinks, biomimetic components are often incorporated, such as proteins, peptides, and growth factors. In this study, we aimed to enhance the osteogenic activity of a hydrogel formulation by integrating both the release and retention of gelatin so that gelatin serves as both an indirect support for released ink component on cells nearby and a direct support for encapsulated cells inside a printed hydrogel, thereby fulfills two functions. Methacrylate-modified alginate (MA-alginate) was chosen as the matrix because it has a low cell adhesion effect due to the absence of ligands. The gelatin-containing MA-alginate hydrogel was fabricated, and gelatin was found to remain in the hydrogel for up to 21 days. The gelatin remaining in the hydrogel had positive effects on encapsulated cells, especially on cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The gelatin released from the hydrogel affected the external cells, showing more favorable osteogenic behavior than the control sample. It was also found that the MA-alginate/gelatin hydrogel could be used as a bioink for printing with high cell viability. Therefore, we anticipate that the alginate-based bioink developed in this study could potentially be used to induce osteogenesis in bone tissue regeneration.