Impact of wavy porous layer on the hydrodynamic forces and heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid flow in a channel with cavity under the effect of partial magnetic field

Abstract

Abstract This computational analysis focuses on the effects of porous layer on the flow dynamics, heat transfer and hydrodynamic forces of hybrid nanofluid in a channel having an open cavity fixed with bottom wall in the presence of partial magnetic field. The set of PDEs governing the dynamics has been transformed to dimensionless form and simulated using higher order finite element method. In particular, <m:math xmlns:m="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mn>3</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msub> <m:mo>/</m:mo> <m:msub> <m:mrow> <m:mi mathvariant="double-struck">P</m:mi> </m:mrow> <m:mrow> <m:mn>2</m:mn> </m:mrow> </m:msub> </m:math> ${\mathbb{P}}_{3}/{\mathbb{P}}_{2}$ finite element pair is employed for the spatial discretization and Crank–Nicolson approach is utilized for the temporal discretization. The obtained equations has been linearized with adaptive Newtons method and linearized systems have been computed using the geometric multi-grid technique. The impact of parameters, for instance, Richardson number, thickness of porous layer and nanoparticle fraction is analyzed in the presence of partial magnetic field and porous layer on the hydrodynamic forces like lift and drag forces on the submerged bodies, being the important part of the fluid flow and heat transfer are also be analysed. It is noticed that the drag and lift coefficients are reduced as the nanoparticle fraction is altered while the local- and average-Nusselt number get higher values.