Opioid Drug Detection in Hair Samples Using Polyoxometalate-Based Frameworks

Abstract

A series of two-dimensional (2D) polyoxometalate-based frameworks, [Ln₃(PDA)₃(H₂O)₆(PMo₁₂O₄₀)]·<i>x</i>H₂O (Ln = La (<b>1</b>); Ce (<b>2</b>); Pr (<b>3</b>); Nd (<b>4</b>); PDA = 1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylate), have been synthesized and structurally characterized by various analytical techniques. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> have a unique 2D layer structure in which Keggin anions have coordinated upward and downward the plane, and this feature makes them suitable candidates for surface binding of common drugs <i>via</i> supramolecular and electrostatic interactions. Also, the ability of <b>1</b>-<b>4</b> (as the first polyoxomolybdate-containing frameworks) as sorbents for the extraction and quantitative determination of opioid drugs (morphine, methadone, and pethidine) was investigated by using dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction (D-μSPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The method showed wide linear ranges in the range of 0.3 to 300 ng mg^-1 and low limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.1 to 0.2 ng mg^-1 of hair.